In an emergency situation, mariners have predominantly used radar SARTs as a means to alert ships they are in distress. However, AIS SARTs offer many benefits including the ability to see around headlands as well as transmitting the heading and speed of the life raft.

AIS SARTs offer enhanced location finding in an emergency, sending the life raft's positiong, heading and speed with the AIS data. This is the primary benefit over other technology as it allows rescue craft to plan an intersect course quickly and efficiently.

According to IMO standards, all AIS SARTs must give a minimum of five years battery life in standby mode, and 96 hours battery life when activated. As well as this, they must also include a test feature and user interface that identifies battery status, mode status and other technical details for example if there is a GPS fix.

AIS SARTs must also include a 1 metre pole that allows the SART to be fixed to the liferaft giving it greater range when activated, 10 metres of buoyant rope and a a mouting bracket.

SARTs use Pre Announced Time Division Multiple Access to send its AIS data. It transmits its position, speed and heading eight times a minute, so that at least one of the transmissions will be at the top of a wave; maximising range.

AIS receivers offer the most cost effective option for non SOLAS vessels wanting to monitor AIS traffic, without being seen themselves. Receivers pick up every AIS message in range, plotting targets onto chart displays.

AIS receivers don't transmit AIS data ensuring the boat is not seen by other AIS enabled vessels. Even though they do not transmit, they sill receive AIS data from AIS transceivers within range.

Multiple outputs including NMEA 0183 and 2000; USB and wifi, ensure the AIS data can be integrated to many different displays including PCs, chart plotters, wifi enabled devices and radars. AIS receivers are also a cost effective option to creating a chain of AIS base stations along a coastline, acting as a link between vessels and AtoNs and central command centres.

Aimed largely at the leisure market, receivers give the flexibility of easy installation as no GPS antenna is needed, coupled with multiple outputs and low power consumption to mariners who want to see what is happening in their immediate environment.

AIS offers many benefits to Aids to Navigation including chaining which can increase an AIS base station’s range, weather and sea monitoring capabilities and vessel monitoring and tracking.

AtoNs are designed to be deployed close to land, or out at sea and have many benefits to both mariners and coastal monitoring centres. The key differentiator between AtoNs is their power consumption. As they are stationed out at sea they must rely on the power generated by the buoy, largely using solar panels, which also powers the other systems onboard the buoy.

Depending on power consumption, AtoNs can be feature rich including sensors that monitor metrological and hydrological factors, chaining capabilities to increase the range of base stations and monitor traffic in ports and along the coastline.

AtoNs offer two different types of transmission types - Random Access Time Division Multiple Access and Fixed Access Time Division Multiple Access. Devices that use the FATDMA transmission type have their slots on the AIS slot map controlled by AIS base stations ashore. This ensures their transmissions get through, and keeps power consumption down. RATDMA type AtoNs use more power as they behave like a Class B device and must power up prior to sending to scan for available space. Whilst FATDMA devices are largely used for environmental testing, RATDMA devices can be used for monitoring traffic and enhancing the range of a base station.

Class B transceivers were pioneered to offer AIS benefits to smaller vessels. Class B devices offer lower power, fewer receivers and different display options to a Class A transceivers. Coupled with cost savings, Class B devices are ideal for mariners with small pleasure craft or fishing boats.

Class B transceivers offer small vessels all the AIS features of Class A devices, but without some of the requirements needed for larger vessels. Class B devices offer:

• Lower power, 2W, transmission output
• Multiple outputs to different displays
• Same number of transmitters and receivers as Class A, but used differently
• One transmitter must be multiplexed to the VHF DSC radio
• Active GPS antenna incorporated in the device
• Not interfaced to a compass, so heading information rarely transmitted

Class B units are designed for smaller vessels with fewer power options, less space and fewer antennas than a large commercial vessel. The lower transmission power means their range is significantly less than a Class A device, but this is compensated by the anticipated stopping distance in an emergency situation of the vessel compared to a large commercial vessel. Also, the devices are a lot smaller than a Class A device, ensuring they can be installed quickly and integrated easily to many different displays. As smaller vessels rarely include a second antenna, most Class B devices need to use an antenna splitter to regulate use of the VHF antenna between the VHF radio and AIS device.